Cell recovery method and device

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides a cell harvesting method and device for the efficient sedimentation and retention of cells from liquid samples onto a solid support with low cell losses and low impact on cell morphology. The device has two configurations, one being for use in a centrifuge to centrifuge the sample, a second for controlled release of the liquid post centrifugation. The device includes a base to hold a solid support that receives cells on a top surface thereof that releasably holds a fluid chamber which has a first opening with a gasket surrounding the opening with that bears against a top surface of the support. An opening receives the liquid sample and the gasket defines an area into which the targeted cells deposit. A first cap closes the second opening during centrifugation. Post centrifugation the first cap is removed and a fluid absorbing element and cap, designed to provide controlled removal of the liquid and to prevent positioning of a tip of the absorbing element to a distance from the solid support shorter than a predefined distance is inserted into the fluid chamber.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to a cell recovery method and device forthe efficient sedimentation and retention of cells from liquid samplesonto a solid support with low cell loss and low impact on cellmorphology.

BACKGROUND

There are many methods/devices used to isolate cells from liquidsamples. Many involve the use of cytocentrifugation which acceleratescell sedimentation towards a desired collection point. Drawbacks to manyof these methods/devices include significant cell loss and altered cellmorphology which may be detrimental for subsequent analysis.

In clinical applications, a variety of different fluid specimens areroutinely analyzed for the presence and characterization of cells. Theseinclude blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid and ascites.In blood, a population of so-called “circulating rare cells” have beenidentified in some patients representing cells that have disseminatedfrom their tissue of origin. Amongst the most sought-after type ofcirculating rare cells are circulating tumour cells (CTC), which, ifpresent, may provide important information on disease status andprognosis.

The efficient recovery of cells in samples containing rare cells issignificant as even a moderate cell loss during sample processing mayresult in incorrect enumeration or a false negative result where asample containing rare cells may be erroneously designated as havingnone. Many technologies have recently emerged which enrich circulatingrare cells from blood.

Various methods are used for extracting rare cells from patient samples(cell recovery) resulting typically in a fluid sample containing cellsof interest in combination with other cells (e.g., white blood cells).Harvested cells are important for researchers and in most of the casesmicroscopic study and consecutive molecular analysis of these cells isconducted. In order to make this analysis possible the cells present inthe sample should be sedimented (deposited) onto a surface of a solidsupport allowing microscopy of these cells. Typically, the harvestedcells are sedimented onto microscopy slides, which can be glass orplastic slides. One of the fundamental requirements for this process isto prevent cell losses. This becomes especially important when the useris working with rare cells: in this case the sample may contain very fewof such cells and loss of even small number of cells may make theconsecutive analysis unreliable or impossible. The second majorrequirement is that the process of cell retention should cause minimalmorphological change of the cells to aid in cytological analysis.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,575,719 discloses a fluid sample chamberthat can be sealed onto a microscope slide surface. This means ofsealing can be used in conjunction with a filter card placed orultrasonic welded between the microscope surface and sample chamber.This method of fluid removal poses the risk of unintentional loss ofsample to the surrounding absorbent filter card medium.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,628,955 discloses a chamber for fluid samples that canbe sealed onto the surface of a microscope slide through the use ofintegrally molded elastomeric gaskets and oil film components. Thisdevice does not provide a means of removing liquid in a controlledmanner to prevent the removal of sedimented cells from the slide.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,743 discloses a filter card placed between a samplechamber and deposit-receiving surface such as a microscope slide. Solidspresent within the fluid suspension are centrifuged to the slide surfacewhile the surrounding fluids are drawn into the adjacent absorbentmedium. This device does not address the issue of cell loss by means ofseparating the fluid removal step from the centrifugation/sedimentationstep.

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0175850 discloses a method of enrichingcells of interest from a suspension by utilizing biotin conjugatedantibodies to selectively label cells then bind them to a slide surfacecoated with an avidin/streptavidin substrate. An absorptive medium wicksoff any unbound materials or fluids to leave a dried slide containingsamples of interest. This device does not account for the turbulence andsheer stresses resulting from the lateral flow of liquid into the mediumat an uncontrolled rate. While this grants the ability to remove unboundcells in suspension, it also leaves the risk of fortuitously removingslide-bound target cells.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,279 discloses a flanged hollow tube for sampledeposition that engages with a corresponding base to securely seal thetube onto a microscope slide for staining purposes. The bottom of thetube features a groove such that an O-ring may be fitted betweeninterface of the slide and tube to prevent leakage. This apparatus isreliant upon the binding forces between a functionalized slide surfaceand cell rather than centrifugal forces in addition to functionalizationto encourage the capture of target cells and further does not addressthe removal of supernatant throughout the cell sedimentation/bindingsteps which may present avenues for cell loss due to the disturbance ofsurrounding liquid medium.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,484 discloses a fluidic chamber sealed centrally(relative to the microscope slide) via an elastomeric gasket and metalclips onto a supportive backing plate. The number of fluidic chamberscan be changed to accommodate one or multiple samples albeit with achange in allowable maximum sample volume. The assembled centrifugationdevice free floats within the specified rotor and deposits cells fromsuspension onto the slide surface upon the application of centrifugalforce. This device does not account for a convenient and controlledmethod of supernatant removal. Rather, the chamber has a relativelynarrow opening which does not lend itself to the removal of fluid.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,110 discloses a rotor chamber designed to deposit acell suspension onto a microscope slide under the application ofcentrifugal force. Concurrently, an absorptive plug (shown in FIG. 9 ofthe patent) is placed into a separate compartment within the rotor thatprotrudes into the same chamber such that the tip of the plug istouching the slide surface. As centrifugal force is applied to therotor, particles suspended in the liquid are deposited onto the slidesurface. According to this patent as the centrifugal force is highenough to overcome the capillary force, the absorbent plug does not drawup the supernatant until after the rotor slows. On the other hand, theabsorbing element 3 is introduced into the system prior tocentrifugation and absorption starts immediately and lasts untilcentrifugation forces exceed capillary forces. This potentially leads toloss of the cells present in the solution. While the concept ofseparating the processes of cell sedimentation and supernatant removalinto mutually exclusive steps is similar to our device, there are keydifferences in the approach to fluid absorption that distinguish the twodesigns. One of the main features of the prior art is that the absorbentplug protrudes into the same chamber that the particle-containing fluidis deposited into. While capillary action may not act upon the fluidduring centrifugation, there is still a possibility of losing cellswithin the absorbent plug by mere physical entanglement of the cellswithin the porous material thus leading to cell loss. In addition, theabsorbent plug is noted as being in physical contact with the depositionsurface when placed within the rotor. The close proximity and lack ofcontrol in flow rate of fluid into the absorbent material can result inthe unintended absorption of cells that are weakly adhered to thedeposition surface.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,562 discloses a device utilizing a conventionalglass slide which can be locked into a housing by means of a holder.Part of the housing is a reservoir in which a fluid sample may bereceived, the reservoir being closed off at its bottom by the glassslide when the glass slide has been locked into the housing. The patentis aimed to centrifugation of small fluid samples to take place withoutany loss of cells, enhancing accuracy for purposes of medical diagnosisand treatment. A rubber O-ring is used to provide a fluid tight sealbetween the components.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a cell recovery device for sedimentationand retention of targeted cells from a fluid sample. The device includesa base configured to releasably hold a solid support with the solidsupport configured to receive cells on a top surface of the solidsupport. The device includes a fluid chamber having a first opening witha circumferential gasket surrounding the bottom opening with the baseconfigured to releasably hold the fluid chamber with the gasket bearingagainst a top surface of the solid support to form a liquid tight sealbetween the top surface and the solid support, the fluid chamber havinga second opening for receiving a liquid sample containing the targetedcells being harvested. The gasket defines an area of selected size intowhich the targeted cells deposit onto the top surface of the solidsupport. The device includes a first removable cap configured to closethe second opening during centrifugation. The device also includes afluid absorbing element and a housing configured to receive theabsorbing element and the fluid chamber is configured to receive thehousing post centrifugation. The housing has a bottom opening throughwhich the fluid from the fluid chamber can be absorbed by the absorbingelement when it is introduced into the fluid chamber postcentrifugation. The fluid chamber includes a second removable capconfigured to close the second opening and to prevent positioning abottom tip of the absorbing element to a distance from the solid supportshorter than a predefined distance. The cell harvesting device isconfigured to be received and releasably held in a centrifuge.

The fluid absorbing element may have a cross-sectional area, adistribution along an axis of the absorbing element and a porosity in arange to provide control of a rate of absorption of the fluid and thetip of the fluid absorbing element located at the distance from thesurface of the solid support such that the targeted cells settled on thesolid support are not detached from the surface of the solid support bythe flow of the fluid being absorbed by the absorbing element.

The device absorbing element may have a porosity in a range from about 1about 100 microns, alternatively, the porosity may be in a range fromabout 5 to about 50 microns, or alternatively the porosity may be in arange from about 10 to about 20 microns. The predefined distance of thetip of the absorbing element above the surface of solid substrate is ina range from about 0.1 mm to about 3 mm.

The device is configured to be releasably held in the centrifuge so thatan axis normal to the surface of the solid support and preferably comingthrough the center of the area allocated for cell sedimentationintersects the axis of rotation and the long axis of the solid supportis in the plane of rotation; or

the normal to the surface of the solid support intersects the axis ofrotation and the long axis of the solid support is perpendicular to theplane of rotation.

The area of selected size into which the targeted cells deposit onto thetop surface of the solid support may be functionalized with agentsselected to modify the interaction between the targeted cells and thesurface to assist adherence of the targeted cells to the top surface ofthe solid support. These agents may be selected from the groupconsisting of poly-L-lysine, silane coatings, gelatin, fibronectin, goldor silver coatings. For example, glass slides coated with poly-L-lysine(Merck, USA) can be used.

These agents are selected to provide a differential binding force to thetargeted cells and any other interfering cells such that the targetedcells are bound to the surface while any interfering cells do not bindthe surface of the top surface of the solid support.

The device absorbing element may be made of porous plastic, and theporous plastic may be coated with a hydrophilic coating. The deviceabsorbing element may be made of non-porous absorbing materials such aspaper tissue, cotton or other fibers absorbing fluids.

The porous plastic may be porous polyethylene coated with a hydrophiliccoating.

The tip of the absorbing material spaced from the top surface of thesolid support is placed at the distance from the surface of the solidsubstrate in the range of about 0.3 mm to about 3 mm.

The porosity of the fluid absorbing element and a size of the openingare selected to provide a selected flow rate.

The selected flow rate provides a fluid force applied to the targetcells deposited on the surface which is below a detachment thresholdlevel of the target cells detaching from the surface of the solidsupport.

The solid support may be a microscope slide.

The first removable cap may include a gasket to provide a liquid tightseal during centrifugation.

The area on the surface of the solid support outside of the area ofselected size into which the targeted cells deposit onto the top surfaceof the solid support may be coated with a protective coating to preventadhesion of accidentally spilled fluids to the surface of the support.

The housing configured to receive the fluid absorbing element includesoverflow features to prevent overflow of fluid caused by insertion ofthe fluid absorbing element into the fluid chamber. These overflowfeatures may include at least one opening in an upper part of theabsorbing element housing and the openings may have any of square,circular or slot shapes.

The present disclosure provides a method for retention on a solidsupport and postprocessing of target cells present in a fluid mediumwith optimum retention rate for the target cells adhering to at least aportion of the surface of the solid support and preserved morphology ofthe target cells. The method includes subjecting the fluid medium tocentrifugation to induce sedimentation of the target cells onto thesurface of the solid support. Post sedimentation removal of the fluidmedium is undertaken and is characterized by a controlled rate of thefluid medium removal such that the target cells sedimented on thesurface are not detached from the surface by fluid flow in a vicinity ofthe sedimented cells. The volume of residual fluid is controlled at allstages of cell retention and post processing. The sedimented targetcells are characterized in that the morphology of the target cells issubstantially unchanged from their morphology when free floating in thefluid medium.

The flow rate is controlled by the porosity of the material theabsorbing element is made of, the area of the opening in the enclosureof the absorbing element and cross-section of the absorbing element.

At least a portion of the surface of the solid support onto which thetarget cells sediment is of a selected size which is defined by the sizeof an opening in the fluid chamber in which the fluid containing targetcells is placed for centrifugation. The area of selected size may befunctionalized with agents selected to modify the interaction betweenthe target cells and the surface to assist adherence of the targetedcells to the top surface of the solid support.

These agents may be selected from the group consisting of poly-L-lysine,silane coatings, gelatin, fibronectin, gold or silver coatings. Theseagents are selected to provide a differential binding force to thetargeted cells and other cells such that the targeted cells are morereadily bound to the surface while binding of other cells to the topsurface of the solid support is less efficient.

The parameters of the absorbing element and the absorbing elementhousing are selected so that the shear force associated with the fluidremoval rate is low enough so that the detachment of the target cells isminimal but the same shear force is sufficient for removal of othercells that are not of interest, thereby leading to enrichment of thetarget cells of interest.

A further understanding of the functional and advantageous aspects ofthe present disclosure can be realized by reference to the followingdetailed description and drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the cell harvest device disclosed herein will now bedescribed, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the cell retention method disclosed herein.

FIG. 2(a) is a perspective view of the assembled cell retention device40 for cell sedimentation, post centrifugation with reduced cell losses(increased retention rate) and improved morphology of retained cells.

FIG. 2(b) shows an assembled cell retention device configured forcentrifugation ready to be positioned in a centrifuge (not shown).

FIG. 2(c) shows an assembled cell retention device positioned in acentrifuge (not shown) so that the normal 41 to the surface of the solidsupport 42 intersects the axis of rotation and the long axis of thesolid support 42 is in the plane of rotation.

FIG. 2(d) shows an assembled cell retention device positioned in acentrifuge (not shown) so that the normal 41 to the surface of the solidsupport 42 intersects the axis or rotation and the long axis of thesolid support 42 is perpendicular to the plane of rotation.

FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the cell retention device for cellsedimentation with reduced cell losses (increased retention rate) andimproved morphology of retained cells.

FIG. 4(a) is a perspective view of an absorbing element 46 in a plasticenclosure 48 forming part of the cell retention device.

FIG. 4(b) is a front view of the absorbing element 46 in the plasticenclosure 48 of FIG. 4(a).

FIG. 5(a) is a perspective view showing the tip of the plastic enclosure48 of the absorbing element 46 with rectangular opening 8.

FIG. 5(b) is a perspective view showing the tip of the plastic enclosure48 of the absorbing element 46 with a circular cross-section opening 8a.

FIGS. 6(a) to 6(e) show various implementations of controlling thewicking rate during the process of fluid removal after completion ofcell sedimentation according to the proposed method, in which:

FIG. 6(a) shows controlling of fluid removal rate by selection of thecross-sectional area of the opening 8 in the plastic enclosure 48;

FIG. 6(b) shows how this result is achieved by selection of the distancebetween the plastic enclosure 48 containing and absorbing element 46(not shown in FIG. 6 ); the result mentioned above can also be achievedby a combination of cross-sectional area and the distance mentionedabove;

FIG. 6(c) shows control of the fluid flow rate by selection of thegeometry of the absorbing element 46;

FIG. 6(d) shows control of the fluid flow rate by an additionalcapillary tube 14 attached to the porous material 15 and selection ofcapillary length and inner diameter; and

FIG. 6(e) shows a capillary 14 with continuously increasingcross-sectional area filled with porous material.

FIGS. 7(a) to 7(e) show progressively more components forming absorbingelement which is a part of the present device including a flat tip 11,cylindrical rod 82 and hollow cylindrical rod 84 allowing increase ofthe wicking capacity of the absorbing element, wherein:

FIG. 7(a) shows a tip of the absorbing element 46 made as a flat porouscomponent 11 which is placed in proximity to the solid support 42;

FIG. 7(b) shows an exploded view of the absorbing element 46 composed oftwo porous components 11 and 82;

FIG. 7(c) shows an assembled multicomponent absorbing element 46composed of three parts: flat porous component 11, cylindrical porouspart 82 and hollow cylindrical porous part 84;

FIG. 7(d) shows the plastic enclosure for the absorbing element 46 (notshown in this drawing) containing a wicking cavity 48 and a cap 50 withriffled surface 51; and

FIG. 7(e) shows an exploded view of the encapsulated multicomponentabsorbing element 90.

FIG. 8(a) shows the tip of the absorbing element 46 in the enclosure 48and a sealing gasket 54 attached to the surface of the substrate 42which creates a cavity for the reagents.

FIG. 8(b) shows another embodiment of a gasket 60 in which a protrudingelement 62 is added to gasket 54.

FIGS. 8(c) to 8(f) are perspective views showing the bottom of fluidchamber 44 and two embodiments of groves in the bottom of fluid chamber44 for accepting sealing gaskets, one embodiment shown in FIGS. 8(c) and8(d) and the other embodiment shown in FIGS. 8(e) and 8(f).

FIG. 9 shows is a view of the absorbing element housing 48 showingoverflow protection features 10.

FIG. 10(a) shows a first embodiment of the absorbent material housing 48having flow accelerating features 17 for increase of the wicking ratewithout impact onto cell loss, which are circular holes.

FIG. 10(b) shows a second embodiment of the absorbent material housing48 having flow accelerating features 17 a, which are elongated slots.

FIG. 11(a) shows a perspective view of the solid support 42 in a form ofa glass slide with region of the surface being functionalized with thefluid chamber 44 detached with gasket 54 surrounding the functionalizedregion.

FIG. 11(b) shows the re-attached fluid chamber 44.

FIG. 12(a) is a perspective view showing the cell retention devicepartially disassembled at the stage of fluid introduction into fluidchamber 44.

FIG. 12(b) is a perspective view showing the cell retention deviceassembled with a screw cap 68 after introduction of the fluid samplecontaining the cells to be harvested.

FIG. 12(c) is a perspective view showing the underside view of the screwcap 68 with an O-ring 70 used for leak elimination duringcentrifugation.

FIG. 13 shows the base 52 of the cell retention device with a hole 80for fluid and cell visualization without detachment of the fluid chamber44.

FIG. 14 shows the solid support 42 of the cell retention device with asection 86 of the surface functionalized for capturing cells and Teflonprotected layer 82 around the functionalized area 86 and area 84 usedfor labeling.

FIG. 15(a) shows a molded single-component absorbing element 46 with aconical tip 25 with circular cross-section 28.

FIG. 15(b) shows the molded single-component absorbing element 46 with aand a flat tip with a triangular shape 27 and rectangular cross-section29.

FIGS. 16(a) to 16(d) are photographs showing example embodiments of thepresent a cell recovery device 40, with a glued in fluid chamber 44.

FIGS. 17(a) to 17(f) are perspective views showing in various examplesof different methods of retaining parts of the assembly of the cellretention device.

FIG. 17(g) is a bottom view showing the alignment of a slide 42 withfunctionalized surface 86 region in the assembled device with a bottomopening 80 in base 52.

FIG. 17(h) is a bottom view of base 52 showing the alignment of a slide42 with the functionalized surface region 86 in the assembled cellretention device with a bottom opening in base 52 a fluid chamber 44.

FIGS. 18(a) to 18(f) shows a series of panels showing the importance ofproper alignment of the cell retention device axis relative to the axisof rotation in a centrifuge in which:

FIG. 18(a) shows a schematic representation of the fluid chamber 44 withthe cells in a centrifuge with the axis of the device shifted from theaxis of the centrifuge;

FIG. 18(b) shows force distribution during centrifugation.

FIG. 18(c) shows the resulting inhomogeneous distribution of thesedimented cells;

FIG. 18(d) shows plots of calculated displacement of the cells in thedirection perpendicular to the axis of rotation from the originalposition as a function of the initial distance between the cell and theaxis of the deice for different displacement of device axis relative tothe axis of rotation in a centrifuge for 10 mm;

FIG. 18(e) shows the same for a displacement of 0.75 mm and panel; and

FIG. 18(f) shows the same for a displacement of 0 mm.

FIG. 19 shows an elevation view of an example of the absorbing element46 composed of two porous components 11 and 82 and a plastic enclosurefor this absorbing element.

FIG. 20 is a plot of percent cell loss versus wicking rate for twodifferent centrifugation speeds 4400 rpm (circles) and 2200 rpm(triangles).

FIG. 21(a) shows percent cell loss as a function of the distance betweenthe surface of the solid support 42 and the absorbing element 46,forming part of the present cell retention system, without addition ofKCl.

FIG. 21(b) shows percent cell loss as a function of the distance betweenthe surface of the solid support 42 and the absorbing element 46,forming part of the present cell retention system and with KCl added tothe solution.

FIG. 22(a) shows the wicking rate as a function of time forpolypropylene porous material U200 (Pore Technology Inc.), with thedistance between the surface of the solid support 42 and the tip of theabsorbing element 46 being about 2 mm.

FIG. 22(b) shows the wicking rate as a function of time forpolypropylene porous material U201 (Pore Technology Inc) with thedistance between the surface of the solid support 42 and the tip of theabsorbing element 46 being about 2 mm.

FIG. 23(a) is a microphotograph of DAPI stained cells spiked into fluidchamber 44 and sedimented by centrifugation and shows cells retained onthe slide surface after centrifugation with consecutive fluid removalaccording to the present method.

FIG. 23(b) is a magnified image (×100) of the microphotograph of FIG.23(a).

FIG. 24 shows percent cell capture efficiency for two methods of cellcapture: in Cytospin® shown in data set 1 and using the present cellretention method and device shown in data set 2.

FIG. 25(a) shows microphotographs of cells captured using Cytospin®.

FIG. 25(b) shows microphotographs of cells captured using the cellrecovery device 40 of the present cell retention device, which clearlyshows the present method preserves the morphology of the harvestedcells.

FIG. 26(a) shows microphotographs showing the morphology of SK-BR-3cells which were fixed with lack of fluid around them (referred to asdry fix), with the images being obtained using 400× magnification andCK-FITC conjugate stain.

FIG. 26(b) shows microphotographs showing the morphology of SK-BR-3cells which were fixed in the presence of controlled volume of fluid(wet fix), with the images being obtained using 400× magnification andCK-FITC conjugate stain.

FIG. 27(a) shows a microphotograph of the circulating tumor cells (CT)retained with Cytospin® using Streck Biomedica mBC patient samples.

FIG. 27(b) shows a microphotograph of the circulating tumor cells (CT)retained with the present cell retention device using Streck BiomedicamBC patient samples, which shows the morphology of the sedimented cellsis noticeably better when the method disclosed herein is used.

FIG. 28 shows a histogram of the capture efficiency of EDTA HNV bloodspiked with pre-labelled SK-BR-3 cells separated via Parsortix®, pooled,captured, fixed and then stained on either a cell recovery device 40 ofthe present cell retention device or Cytoslide™. The experiments wereperformed by multiple trained users across multiple instruments/days.Impact of the pipetting variability is reduced (compare STD on Cytospin®and a cell recovery device 40).

FIG. 29 show histograms plotting HyCEAD™/Ziplex® signal intensities forthe negative control and positive control for the HyCEAD™ process usedfor the consecutive molecular analysis of retained cells, negativecontrol for the complete process of sample retention and consecutivemolecular analysis and two modes of cell retention with the cellcontaining samples with consecutive molecular analysis.

FIG. 30 shows picking of SK-BR-3 cells deposited onto the solid support42 with a controlled volume of the residual fluid according to aproposed method. The top panel shows a retained cell with a capillary ofa cell-picking tool placed above this cell; the middle panel shows thecell being removed from its initial location by the cell-picking tool,and the bottom panel shows the cell dispensed (re-positioned) by thecell-picking tool.

FIG. 31 shows % cell recovery at different stages of the process withvarious protocols as noted in FIG. 31 .

FIG. 32 shows percent of cell recovery for multiple consecutive wickingsteps (a, b, c) in which the first wicking (a) is done after cellsedimentation, the second wicking (b) is done after resuspension and thethird wicking (c) is done after staining, and wherein the test wasrepeated three times demonstrating that multiple wicking events do notlead to cell losses if the wicking rate is properly selected accordingto the present method.

FIG. 33 is a microphotograph of white blood cells sedimented using thepresent method disclosed herein and stained with DAPI in which thephotograph is taken with the fluid chamber 44 still attached to thesolid support demonstrating that the cells can be stained with the fluidchamber 44 attached.

FIG. 34 shows microphotographs (rows A, B) and a photograph (row C) forthe cells sedimented using Cytospin® (column I) on the solid support ofa cell recovery device forming part of the present cell harvestingdevice (columns I and II) without controlling residual fluid (column II)and with control of residual fluid volume (column Ill) according to themethod disclosed herein. The cell recovery device spiked HNV cell data—acell recovery device with wet fixation method on live EDTA tube cellsafter staining. Cytospin® presented the worst morphology (column I, rowsA and B) with cytoplasmic spreading and reduced fluorescence intensityas well as increased background. Least amount of morphologicalalteration was seen in wet fixed a cell recovery device 40 condition(column Ill). Similar results seen concerning CD45 staining showingreduced cell density in Cytospin® is also of concern.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments and aspects of the disclosure will be described withreference to details discussed below. The following description anddrawings are illustrative of the disclosure and are not to be construedas limiting the disclosure. Numerous specific details are described toprovide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the presentdisclosure. However, in certain instances, well-known or conventionaldetails are not described in order to provide a concise discussion ofembodiments of the present disclosure.

As used herein, the terms, “comprises” and “comprising” are to beconstrued as being inclusive and open ended, and not exclusive.Specifically, when used in the specification and claims, the terms,“comprises” and “comprising” and variations thereof mean the specifiedfeatures, steps or components are included. These terms are not to beinterpreted to exclude the presence of other features, steps orcomponents.

As used herein, the term “exemplary” means “serving as an example,instance, or illustration,” and should not be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other configurations disclosed herein.

As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” are meant to covervariations that may exist in the upper and lower limits of the ranges ofvalues, such as variations in properties, parameters, and dimensions. Inone non-limiting example, the terms “about” and “approximately” meanplus or minus 10 percent or less.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinare intended to have the same meaning as commonly understood to one ofordinary skill in the art.

As used herein, the phrase “target cells” means the cells of interestbeing isolated by the present device. In some cases, all the cellspresent in the sample may be of interest if selectivity in cellisolation is not required for that particular intended use or for thefollowing post-processing method and thus all cells present in thesample would be considered “target cells”. While other cells may bepresent so that there is a mixture different types of cells, it is onlythe “target cells” that are being isolated or predominantly isolated.

As used herein, the phrase “accelerating features” refers to structuralelements designed to increase the rate of fluid removal from the fluidchamber 44 after completion of centrifugation without loss of the cellsdeposited on the surface of solid support 42. This allows for areduction of the time required for sample processing. These acceleratingfeatures are located on the enclosure 48 providing an additional fluidicconnection between the fluid present in the fluid chamber 44 and theabsorbing element 46. The accelerating features may be of a round shape,or have a shape of a slot. Other shapes are possible as well. Theaccelerating features are configured so that the open are of thefeatures is sufficient to increase the flow rate to the required valueand the accelerating features are located of the enclosure 48 at such adistance from the tip of the enclosure 48 that the additional shearstress applied to the cells on the solid support 42 due to the increasedflow rate doe not cause additional cell losses.

As used herein, the phrase “overflow protection features” refers tostructural elements designed to prevent overflow of fluid from the fluidchamber 44 when the absorbing element 46 placed in the enclosure 48 isinserted into fluid chamber 44. These overflow protection features arelocated on the enclosure 48 providing an additional fluidic connectionbetween the fluid present in the fluid chamber 44 in case when thevolume of the sample is excessive. These overflow protection featuresprotect against creation of turbulent flow in the fluid chamber 44 whichmight cause cell detachment from the surface of the solid support 42.

The present disclosure describes a device comprising a fluid chamberassembled with a microscope slide (or other substrate) that has beensealed liquid-tightly using an elastomeric gasket. The slide surface hasbeen functionalized with a coating allowing capturing and retention ofcells and is held in a polypropylene holder that clips onto the fluidchamber thus physically securing and positioning the chamber relative tothe slide. Apart from the assembly containing the microscope slide, italso features a porous absorbing element that is contained within apolypropylene shell that improves usability while providing a means bywhich to control the flow rate of liquid into the porous absorbingelement. The absorbing element in the polypropylene shell is introducedinto the assembly after completion of the centrifugation stage and canbe replaced with the identical absorbing element and shell if theprocess of cell post processing requires multiple steps of fluidintroduction and removal.

The device is intended to serve as a cytocentrifugation device wherecells of interest that are suspended in a surrounding medium are of ahigher density than the surrounding medium, thus when centrifugal forceis applied to the device containing the cell suspension, the densercells of interest are preferentially sedimented according to thedirection of the centrifugal force. Cytocentrifugation devices can belargely categorized into two groups based on their method of fluidremoval. In a “Simultaneous Fluid Removal” system, an absorbent mediumis situated between the fluidic chamber and slide surface, allowing forthe removal of liquid into the adjacent absorbent medium simultaneouslyas the centrifugal force is applied. Theoretically, the denser cells ofinterest must have sedimented to the slide surface prior to the removalof liquid as doing so otherwise would result in cells still suspended inmedium being drawn into the adjacent absorbent element and being lost.The other approach to cytocentrifugation features a liquid-tight sealbetween the fluidic chamber and slide surface that does not allow forthe removal of liquid during centrifugation. In fluid-retentioncytocentrifugation, the cells of interest are sedimented whilesurrounded in their supportive liquid medium and the removal of fluid isperformed after centrifugation. The comparatively denser cells ofinterest in liquid medium are still preferentially sedimented to theslide surface.

Fluid-retention cytocentrifugation presents a number of benefits butalso poses some challenges from the standpoint of sample manipulation.As the cells are sedimented in a liquid medium that provides relativebuoyancy (i.e., resistance to sedimentation) as opposed to a completelack of buoyancy when centrifuged in air, a higher amount of centrifugalforce is required for the denser cells to overcome the fluidicresistance. The presence of cells in liquid medium presents anadvantage, as the cells being sedimented experience less force pressingthem against the slide, aiding in the preservation of delicatemorphological features. The lack of simultaneous fluid removal alsopresents the benefit of effectively removing all avenues by which cellsof interest can be lost during the centrifugation process. By principleof being liquid-tight, the fluid which contains cells of interest arerestricted to remain within the chamber and contact the slide surface—assuch, cells suspended in the liquid medium are also restricted toremaining within the chamber and settling to the slide surface.

A limitation presented by the fluid-retention method ofcytocentrifugation is that the processes of fluid removal and cellsedimentation are separated. As such, a separate method of fluid removalis necessary. Considering that the cells do not experience as muchcentrifugal force owing to the buoyancy of the surrounding medium, it ispossible that the cell contact area with the slide is not as large, thusadversely affecting the adhesion of cells to the slide surface. Thisrequires that the process of liquid removal be performed as gently andwith as little turbulence as possible. The device and its method of useprovides a method of fluid removal from the sample chamber in acontrolled manner that minimizes the detachment of cells from the slidesurface, thus maximizing the yield of settled cells of interest.

Upon the removal of liquid, the cells are sedimented within a designatedarea of the slide within the sample chamber. To aid in furtherdownstream processing wherein multiple reagents may be used to incubateor wash the cells, or imaging of sedimented cells is required with thefollowing post-processing so that it is beneficial that the samplechamber is removable. The present device includes a polymer base withprotruding hooks that clip into corresponding positions on the samplechamber sitting atop the slide. The clips are designed for ease ofassembly but also provide a convenient means by which the end-user canremove the chamber without the use of specialized tools or methods.

To facilitate the manipulation of reagents in downstream processes suchas immunofluorescence staining and fluorescence in-situ hybridizationwhere it is optimal that fluid volumes are minimized to reduce assaycosts, the device can include hydrophobic printing on surfaces otherthan the exposed bio-adhesive area. The hydrophobicity of the printedsurface serves as a convenient reagent well that can hold small volumesof liquid (the capacity of the well is 10 to 200 μL) but also by themeans of retaining the liquid in a controlled area, the cells ofinterest are also limited to a designated area, allowing for the strictlocalization of the sample and minimizing loss due to downstreamprocesses.

To maximize the ability of the cells of interest to adhere to the slidesurface and resist detachment, the slide surface was functionalized witha bio-adhesive coating to modify the surface interactions of thesedimented cell with the slide. The design of the device wherein a slideis held in a polymer base that clips together with a chamber that issealed onto the slide via a gasket allows the device to be compatiblewith virtually any microscope slide that fits within the base. Thus, awide range of functionalized slides were tested in the device andevaluated for cell adhesion performance. As the slide is easilydetachable from the rest of the device components it allows the deviceto be compatible with virtually any microscope including both uprightand inverted microscopes. Also, the slide with the sedimented cells iscompatible with other types of standard equipment such as, for example,slide staining devices. Cultured SK-BR-3 cells pre-labelled withCellTracker™ Green were spiked into 1×PBS to create a cell suspensionand added to the sample chamber. Upon centrifugation, the supernatantwas removed, and the cells fixed by incubation in ice-cold Methanol for5 minutes followed by detachment of the sample chamber. The resultantslide containing sedimented cells was washed by running 1X PBS over thesample surface 3 times using a micropipette to induce cell detachment.The subsequent slide surfaces were imaged under FITC and the celldensity evaluated. As a result, Poly-L-Lysine showed the highest densityof cells. Thus, this surface modification was chosen as the primaryslide surface for the present device. Other types of coatings can beused for surface functionalization instead of Poly-L-Lysine such asproteins, silanes, organic polymers, inorganic metals. For example,other forms of poly-lysine, silane coatings, gelatin, fibronectin, goldor silver coatings and other coatings enhancing cell adhesion to a solidsupport. Other methods of enhancement of cell adhesion to the surface ofthe solid support can be used such as surface structure modification,etching, plasma treatment.

Different materials can be used as a solid support such as glass,different types of plastic or quartz.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 (a), FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram at 100 ofthe cell retention method using the cell harvesting device disclosedherein. In step 12 a fluid sample with the cells being isolated isintroduced into a fluid chamber 44 (FIG. 2(b)) which is coupled to asolid support 42 both of which form part of the device described below.In step 14 the fluid sample is then subjected to centrifugation whichforces the cells to move towards the solid support 42 which inducessedimentation of the cells and promotes cell adhesion to the solidsupport. After centrifugation, after which in step 16 the fluid isremoved under controlled conditions by carefully controlling the fluidremoval rate in step 18 and actively controlling the remaining fluid instep 20. Carefully controlling the fluid is advantageous in that itprevents cell detachment from the solid support due to excessive forceswhich may appear when the flow rate is high, and the stress levelexceeds adhesion forces keeping the cells of the surface of the solidsupport during centrifugation or after centrifugation is completed.Also, removal of the fluid after completion of the centrifugation stepeliminates removal of the cells which still may be present in thesolution (not bound to the surface) if centrifugation is not finished.In addition, the proposed method requires control of the volume of thefluid remaining in the fluid chamber after completion of the fluidremoval step. This is required for preserving cell morphology as thecells remain wetted at all steps of the process. The volume of theremaining fluid depends on the fluid parameters (surface tension andcontact angle) as well as the inner diameter of the fluid chamber 44 andthe distance between the solid support 42 and the tip of the absorbingelement 46. The volume basically is controlled by a proper selection ofthe above-mentioned distance between the tip of the absorbing element46.

If multiple steps are required for cell post processing (for, examplestaining, washing, etc. as shown in step 24) addition of reagents isconducted with a controlled fluid delivery rate. This allows to preventdetachment and removal of the cells adhered to the solid support in thepreceding steps of the method. The following steps of fluid removal areconducted with a controlled fluid removal rate and control of theremaining volume of fluid as described above, with the above beingillustrated in step 26.

Following the preparation step 24, the prepared cells are then subjectto the desired analysis, whether it be molecular analysis in step 28 orimaging in step 30.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3 the assembled cell retention device showngenerally at 40 for cell sedimentation with reduced cell losses(increased retention rate) and improved morphology of retained cells andincludes substrate 42, a fluid chamber 44, and includes either a wickingcap 50 shown in FIG. 2(a) or a protection cap 68 shown in FIG. 2(b) andabsorbing element 46 extending from the cap 50 down into an enclosure 48and being in flow communication with the cell containing liquid which isplaced in the fluid chamber 44 and wherein the absorbing element extendsfor the absorbing element rod 46, a wicking cap 50, a base 52 and afluid chamber gasket 54. The absorbing element 46 can be made as asingle piece element as shown further in FIG. 15 or may consist ofmultiple components as shown in FIG. 7(b), FIG. 7(c) and FIG. 7(e). Inthe latter case the components are placed in contact so that that fluidflow is possible between these components. The absorbing element 46 isassembled with the cap 50 and an enclosure 48 so that when they areinstalled into the fluid chamber 44 the tip of the absorbing element 46is separated from the surface of the substrate 42 to a predefineddistance. Substrate 42 is mounted on base 52 such that it can be easilydetached once the cells have been collected. Fluid chamber 44 ispositioned on the top of the slide 42 which is inserted into the base 52and is retained by the hooks 30.

The fluid chamber 44 is releasably attachable to the base as will bedescribed herein after. Different methods of attachment of the fluidchamber 44 to the slide or the base containing the slide may be based onuse of adhesives (FIGS. 16(a) to 16(b) or mechanical retention as shownin FIGS. 17(a) to 17(f) using retaining features 30 when the fluidchamber is pressed in, or 31 when the top of the element 31 is meltedand formed a retention feature 32; or by hooks 34 and 35 aligned byrotation for proper retention of the fluid chamber 44.

FIG. 4(a) is a perspective view of an absorbing element 46 in a plasticenclosure 48 while FIG. 4(b) is a front view of the absorbing element 46in the plastic enclosure 48 of FIG. 4(a). The plastic enclosure 48 canbe pressed into the cap 50 or can be retained by the adhesive. Theplastic enclosure 48 is equipped with a overfill protection features 10shown in FIG. 6(a). The cap 50 is equipped with riffles 51 on the sidesurface for ease of use and with a hole 9 on the top of cap 50 to allowrelease of the differential pressure which may be created during thewicking process.

FIG. 5(a) is a perspective view of the tip of the plastic enclosure 48the absorbing element 46 with a rectangular opening 8 at the tip of theenclosure 48 and FIG. 5(b) shows the tip having a circular cross-sectionopening shown at 8 a. Other shapes of openings are possible as well aslong as the cross-sectional area in a combination with other parametersof the absorbing element 46 provides the required flow rate of fluid atthe wicking stage of the process.

FIGS. 6(a) to 6(e) show various implementations of controlling thewicking rate during the process of fluid removal after completion ofcell sedimentation according to the proposed method. FIG. 6(a) showsthat controlling of the fluid removal rate can be achieved by selectionof the cross-sectional area of the opening 8 in the plastic enclosure 48which has the rectangular shape as shown in FIG. 5(a). FIG. 6(b) showshow this result is achieved by selection of the distance between theplastic enclosure 48 containing an absorbing element 46 and thesubstrate 42. It is noted that the result mentioned above can also beachieved by a combination of cross-sectional area and the distancementioned above. FIG. 6(c) shows control of the fluid flow rate byselection of the geometry of the absorbing element 46.

FIG. 6(d) is a photograph showing control of the fluid flow rate can beachieve by using an additional capillary tube 14 attached to the porousmaterial 15 and selection of capillary length and inner diameter. FIG.6(e) shows the capillary 14 attached to the porous material 15 withcontinuously increasing cross-sectional.

FIGS. 7(a) to 7(e) progressively shows more components related to theabsorbing element 46 forming part of the present device. FIG. 7(a) showsthe tip of the absorbing element 46 placed above the functionalizedsurface of the solid support 42. This figure shows the porous flatcomponent 11 in the proximity to the surface used for retention ofcells. As it is described further the shape, type of porous material andthe distance between the tip of absorbing element and the solid support42 defines the wicking rate and all these parameters are optimized toreduce the cell loss which can be caused by excessive flow rates. FIG.7(b) shows the absorbing element 46 composed of the flat absorbing tip11 and cylindrical porous element 82 above absorbing element 11 forincrease of the wicking capacity (maximum volume of liquid which can beabsorbed by the element 46. Other configurations of these components arealso possible: for example, the element 11 can be made conical withdifferent cross-section; the element 82 referred as a cylindricalelement can be made with a square or rectangular cross-section.

The elements 11 and 82 are placed in contact with each other to ensureuninterrupted fluid flow. As a result, these components act from thewicking point of view as a single combined absorbing element 46. FIG.7(c) shows additional increase of the wicking capacity by using thehollow cylindrical porous element 84 into which item 82 is inserted. Ina multicomponent absorbing element not only the shape of the elementsbut also their porosity may be selected iso that the wicking rate andtotal volume provides required performance. FIG. 7(d) shows plasticenclosure for the absorbing element 46 containing plastic cavity 48 anda cap 50 allowing good contact between the parts of the absorbingelement 46 and allowing wicking of liquid only through a controlledopening 8 (not shown) in the bottom of plastic cavity 48. Cap 50 is alsoequipped with the riffles on the side surface of the cap for ease ofuse.

FIG. 7(e) shows the exploded view of the encapsulated multicomponentabsorbing element 90. Another embodiment of the encapsulated absorbingelement 90 contains the plastic cavity 48 the cap 50 and a moldedsingle-component porous absorbing element 46 shown further in FIG. 15(a)and FIG. 15(b).

FIG. 8(a) shows the tip of the absorbing element 46 in the enclosure 48and a sealing gasket 54 attached to the surface of the solid support 42or substrate 42 which creates a cavity for the reagents. FIG. 8(b) showsan embodiment of a gasket 60 in which a protruding element 62 is addedto gasket 54. The purpose of protruding element 62 is to simplifydetachment of the gasket 54 from the slide upon completion of the stagesof the process preceding microscopic imaging.

The gasket 54 may have circular, rectangular or square cross sections.They can be affixed to the bottom of fluid chamber 44 by being glued tothe bottom of chamber 44 circumferentially extending around the are ontowhich the target cells sediment. Alternatively, the gasket 54 can beretained in grooves complimentary to the size and shape of the gasketbuilt into the bottom of chamber 44. Alternatively, the gaskets can beretained on the surface of the solid support 42 and not attached tochamber 44. It will be appreciated that gaskets may be optional as thereare other ways known to those skilled in the art to make a liquid tightseal between chamber 44 and solid support 42.

FIGS. 8(c) to 8(f) is a bottom view of the fluid chamber 44 showing agroove 66 (FIG. 8(c)) having a size for accepting gasket 54 (FIG. 8(d)).FIG. 8(e) shows the fluid chamber 44 in which an additional groove 68 isadded to the bottom of the fluid chamber 44 to accept protruding element62 of gasket 54 (in which the gasket is absent in FIG. 8(e). FIG. 8(f)shows the gasket 54 with its protruding element 62 installed in thefluid chamber 44.

Once the target cells have been sedimented on the top surface of solidsupport 42, the fluid chamber 44 is full of liquid absent the cells. Atthis point the absorbing element 46, which is installed into housing 48along with wicking cap 50, is inserted into fluid chamber 44 and securedtherein by the leak-tight wicking cap 50. The goal of the absorbingelement 46 is to take up the liquid from the fluid chamber 44 in such away that the cells are not damaged, deformed or released from thesurface of support 42 during removal of the liquid. This is achieved bythe design parameters primarily of the absorbing element 46, andsecondarily housing 48 and cap 50 which in combination with the designparameters of the housing 48 defines the distance between the absorbingelement 46 and its tip and the surface of the support 42.

With respect to the absorbing element 46, the fluid absorbing element isdesigned to have a cross-sectional area, a distribution along an axis ofthe fluid absorbing element 46 and a porosity in a range to providecontrol of the rate of absorption of the fluid into the absorbingelement 46 along its length and up through the tip spaced from the topsurface of the solid support 42, in order to give a controlled removalof the liquid out of fluid chamber 44. The mechanical design of thehousing 48 is also optimized to assist in the optimum removal of theliquid. The first is the design of housing 48 and cap 50 in order tokeep the tip of the absorbing element 46 spaced from the top surface ofthe solid support 42 to position the tip of the fluid absorbing elementat a distance from the surface of the solid support 42 shorter than apredefined distance. The distance that the tip of the absorbing element46 is positioned from the top surface of the solid substrate 42 ontowhich the target cells have deposited is important for the followingreasons.

Detachment of the target cells attached to the surface of the solidsupport 42 is mainly caused by the shear stress originated by the fluidflow. The shear stress on the target cells produced by the fluid flow isdefined by the derivative of the fluid velocity over the distance. Theabsolute value of the velocity is defined by the flow rate of the fluid,which is in its turn dependent on the design parameters of the absorbingelement 46 and the selected porous material it is made from. An increaseof the distance between the solid support 42 and the tip of theabsorbing element 46 allows reduction of the shear stress and reducestarget cell loss. On the other hand, this also slows down fluid removaland may prevent full removal of fluid from the fluid chamber 44 makingthe process suboptimal or inefficient. Optimization of all designparameters mentioned above and implementation of flow increasing oraccelerating features 17 and 17 a shown in FIG. 10 (a) and FIG. 10(b)provides reduced the wicking time for removal of the fluid from fluidchamber 44 and allows fluid removal with a decreased cell loss withacceptable time of fluid removal. The fluid flow provided byaccelerating features 17 and 17 a shown in FIG. 10 (a) and FIG. 10(b)may be significantly higher compared to the flow provided by theabsorbing element 46 through the tip 8 of the enclosure 48, but as bythe time when the absorbing element is introduced into the fluid chamber44 there are no cells present in the bulk of the fluid and the distancebetween the feature 17 or 17 a and the support 42 selected to besubstantially large there is no cell detachment which is associated withthis fluid flow.

In addition to the distance from the top surface of the substrate 46that the tip is located, the housing 48 may be provided with overflowprotection features. FIG. 9 shows is a view of the absorbing elementhousing 48 showing overflow protection features 10 which compriseopenings in the upper wall of housing 48 to facilitate inflow of fluidinto housing 48. Protection features are located at the top of thehousing 48 and they are in close proximity to the part of the absorbingelement 46 having a large cross-sectional area. Also, thecross-sectional area of the overflow feature is large and for directfluid flow to a part of the absorbing element 46 with a large volume ofporous material. As a result, the excessive amount of fluid which mayinitially be present in the fluid chamber 44 will be absorbed and willnot overflow the fluid chamber 44. In addition, these features arelocated far away from the surface of the solid support 42 where thecells are sedimented at the stage of centrifugation. This guaranteesthat increase of the flow rate due to the overflow features does notlead to detachment of the cells from the surface and does not lead tocell loss. Example of these overflow feature openings in housing 48 isshown in FIG. 9 .

FIG. 10(a) shows a first embodiment of the absorbent material housingfluid chamber 48 having flow accelerating features 17, which areelongate slots. FIG. 10(b) shows a second embodiment of the absorbentmaterial housing 48 having features 17 a, which are circular holes. Thepresence of the features 17 or 17 a is to provide an increase of thewicking rate without negative impact on cell retention. This is achievedby placement of features 17 or 17 a further away from the tip of thehousing 48 and as a result at a large distance from the surface 42 wherethe cells are sedimented. Increase of the wicking rate may be requiredin order to reduce the sample process time.

FIG. 11(a) shows a perspective view of the solid support 42 in the formof a glass slide with a functionalized region of the surface of theglass slide being surrounded by gasket 54 with the fluid chamber 44detached, and FIG. 11(b) shows the re-attached fluid chamber 44. Theability to detach and re-attach the fluid chamber 44 allows visualcontrol including microscopy (if required) at different stages of theprocess. Also, re-attachment of the fluid chamber 44 may be required forcell post-processing after completion of the microscopy stage.

FIGS. 12(a) to 12(c) show the cell retention device at the stage offluid introduction into fluid chamber 44 in which a first screw cap 68is removed and the fluid sample flowed into fluid chamber 44, afterwhich the screw cap 68 is screwed onto fluid chamber 44. Screw cap 68 isused at the centrifugation stage of the process in order to prevent anaccidental leakage of cell containing fluid. This is achieved by using agasket 70 shown in FIG. 12 (c) in a form of an O-ring providing a fluidtight connection between the fluid chamber 44 and screw cap 68. Gasket70 can have other shapes (e.g., flat) as long as the fluid tightconnection is achieved. As noted above, cap 68 is used for thecentrifugation stage with the intent to prevent leakage of the fluidcontaining cells from the fluid chamber 44. No fluid removal isanticipated during centrifugation step and this allows to keep the cellsin fluid preventing damage of the cells which exist in the devicesdescribed in other patents or existing on market. After centrifugationis completed cap 68 is replaced with a second screw cap 50 containingthe absorbing element 46. At this stage fluid removal takes place andthe fluid is removed in a controlled manner due to proper selection ofthe porosity of the material used for making and absorbing element 46,selection of the absorbing element configuration/cross-section and thedistance between the tip of the absorbing element and the surface of thesolid support 42. The distance is defined by the design of the enclosure48 and design of the cap 50.

Referring to FIGS. 2(c) and 2(d), device 40 is configured to bereleasably held in the centrifuge so that an axis 41 normal to thesurface of the solid support 42 and coming through the center of thearea onto which the targeted cells deposit onto the top surface of thesolid support 42 intersects an axis of rotation 49 in the centrifuge.Orientation of the device in the centrifuge may vary depending on aparticular centrifuge used and can be placed in the centrifuge so thatthe long axis of the solid support 42 is in the plane of rotation (as itis shown in FIG. 2(b) or the long axis of the solid support 42 may beperpendicular to the plane of rotation a shown in FIG. 2(c). Otherorientations are possible as well due to axial symmetry of the internalcavity of the fluid chamber 44.

FIG. 13 shows the base 52 of the cell retention device with a hole 80for fluid and cell visualization without detachment of the fluid chamber44, and FIG. 14 shows the solid support 42 of the cell retention devicewith a section 86 of the surface functionalized for capturing cells andTeflon protected layer 82 around the functionalized area 86.

FIG. 15(a) shows a molded absorbing element 46 with a conical tip 25with circular cross-section 28, and FIG. 15(B) shows a molded absorbingelement 46 with a flat tip with a triangular shape 27 and rectangularcross-section 29.

FIGS. 16(a) to 16(b) show another embodiment of the proposed device withthe absorbing element detached from the assembly (FIG. 16 (a)) andassembled device with the absorbing element in contact with the fluid(FIG. 16 (b)). FIGS. 16(c) to 16(d) show another embodiment of theproposed device in which the fluid chamber 44 is glued directly to thesurface of slide 42. FIG. 16 (c) shows the cap 68 attached to the fluidchamber 44 prior to centrifugation step of the process. FIG. 16 (d)shows the encapsulated absorbing element 46 made of absorbing papertissue inserted into the fluid chamber 44 for fluid removal aftercompletion of the centrifugation stage.

FIGS. 17(a) to 17(f) show examples of different methods of retainingparts of the assembly. The perspective view in FIG. 17(a) shows the base52 provided with hooks 30 integrally formed with base 52 along the twoopposed long edges which are used to retain fluid chamber assembly 44.Centrally located in the base 52 is a hole 80. Located along the twoopposed long edges of based 52 are tabs 37 which are used for slideretention.

FIG. 17(b) shows base 52 using pins 31 integrally formed therewithinstead of hooks 30 as in FIG. 17(a). Pins 31 are compressible usingheat so that when fluid chamber 44 is engaged with base 52 the features32 shown in FIG. 17(c) created by compression under heat of pins 31prevent detachment of the fluid chamber 44 from the base 52. As the pins31 are compressed under heat a blob of plastic 32 is created which islarger than an opening through which the pins protrude which keeps thefluid chamber 44 in place.

FIGS. 17(d) and 17(e) show another embodiment in which retention of thefluid chamber is achieved retainers 33 engaging with hooks 34 attachedto fluid chamber 44 upon rotation of fluid chamber 44. A stopper 35 isadded to the hooks 34 to prevent disengagement of the base 52 with thefluid chamber 44. FIG. 17(d) shows the assembly prior to attachment ofthe fluid chamber 44 to the base 52 and FIG. 17(e) shows the assembleddevice.

FIG. 17(f) shows the fluid chamber assembly 44 locked onto base 52 usingthe retainers 33 and hooks 34 when the fluid chamber 44 is engaged bysliding the fluid chamber 44 in the direction of the long side od thebase 52 contrary to the embodiment shown in FIG. 17(e) where engagementis achieved by rotation of the fluid chamber 44.

FIG. 17(g) shows a bottom view of the base 52 with slide 42 retained onthe top surface of base 52 with slide 42 including a region 86 which isfunctionalized with selected agents. Surface functionalization is knownto be used for improvement of cells sticking to the surface. Selectionof the specific type of functionalization allows increase the retentionrate of a particular type of cells which can be used also as a method ofenrichment of collected cells or increase of probability of removal ofthe interfering cells (such as white blood cells) from the surfaceduring the consecutive washing steps following the centrifugation.

FIG. 17(h) shows alignment of all components of the assembled device 40which is important for homogeneous sedimentation of cells and unobscuredvisualization of the area of the slide where the cells are sedimented.

FIGS. 18(a) to 18(f) inclusive show a series of figures showing theimportance of proper alignment of the cell recovery device 40 axisrelative to the axis of rotation in a centrifuge. FIG. 18(a) shows aschematic representation of the fluid chamber 44 with the cells in acentrifuge with the axis of the device shifted from the axis of thecentrifuge, FIG. 18(b) shows force distribution, and FIG. 18(c) showsthe resulting inhomogeneous distribution of the sedimented cells. FIG.18(d) shows plots of calculated displacement of the cells in thedirection perpendicular to the axis of rotation from the originalposition as a function of the initial distance between the cell and theaxis of the deice for different displacement of device axis relative tothe axis of rotation in a centrifuge for 10 mm, FIG. 18(e) shows thesame for a displacement of 0.75 mm and FIG. 18(f) for a displacement of0 mm.

FIG. 19 shows an elevation view of an example of the absorbing element46 composed of two porous components 82 and 11 and a plastic enclosure48 for this absorbing element 46 with upper porous component 82 having avolume of 570 microliters and the lower element 11 having a volume of 75microliters. Total volume of the absorbing element in this embodimentequals to 645 microliters. Assuming that the porosity of the materialused for the components of the absorbing element 46 is ˜30% the totalvolume of absorbed liquid can be up to 215 microliters which is slightlyhigher than the typical volume (around 200 microliters) of the harvestproduced by cell separation devices (e.g., Parsortix®). Using porousmaterials with higher porosities may be advantageous as this will allowfor higher wicking rates and lager volumes of absorbed fluid (ifrequired).

FIG. 20 is a plot of percent cell loss versus wicking rate for twodifferent centrifugation speeds 4400 rpm (circles) and 2200 rpm(triangles).

FIG. 21 shows percent cell loss as a function of the distance betweenthe surface of the solid support 42 and the absorbing element 46,forming part of the present cell retention system, without addition ofKCl shown in panel (a) and with KCl added to the solution shown in panel(b).

Optimization of Wicking Height

Previous optimization of wicking rate was performed on live SK-BR-3cells that were more adherent and robustly attached than other potentialcell types. Working with a less “sticky” cell model: pre-fixed SK-BR-3cells (ICTs) revealed that previous set height of 0.5 mm was resultingin cell loss during wicking. Therefore, extended distance betweenmicroscope slide and wicking tip in effort to decrease cell loss.

It was found that although no cell loss occurred at 1.0 mm wickingheight, some changes in the positions of the cells indicated that thecells were still experiencing some form of turbulence, causing them todetach at 1.0 mm. Therefore, for the most gentle process the recommendedvalue for the wicking height was found to be 1.5 mm or more. Wickingheight of 2.0 mm opted for instead of 1.5 to provide greater buffer tominimize user to user variability when introducing wicking tip intosupernatant.

Optimization of the absorbing material and the distance between thesurface of the slide and the tip of the absorbing material allows toselect the required flow rate of the fluid, which should be below athreshold defined by shear stress on the cells which may causedetachment of the cells during fluid removal step. Flow rate for twodifferent porous absorbing materials (U200 and U210, Pore Technology,Inc.) were measured for the distance of two mm. The results are shown inFIGS. 22(a) and 22(b). Specifically, FIGS. 22(a) and 22(b) show thewicking rate as a function of time for polyethylene porous materialsU200 (Pore Technology Inc.) shown in panel 22(a) and U201 (PoreTechnology Inc) shown in panel 22(b). The distance between the surfaceof the solid support 42 and the tip of the absorbing element 46 is about2 mm.

The threshold level for cell detachment was determined experimentallyand was equal to 500 uL/s for a selected geometry of the fluid chamber44 and selected coating of the surface of the solid support 42 (a glassslide). Two mm distance between the solid support 42 and the tip of theabsorbing element 46 is appropriate for the absorbing material U200 (seeFIG. 22(a)) but this distance should be increased for the material U201(see FIG. 22(b)).

Results (Pictures of Captured Cells, Evidence of the Decreased CellLosses)

Pre-labelled SK-BR-3 cells processed through both systems and counted.n=10 replicates performed for both Cytospin®). and a cell recoverydevice. Non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test performed with a p valueof 0.00018. A cell recovery device had an average of 94%±6% (SD) cellrecovery rate.

FIG. 23(a) is a microphotograph of DAPI stained cells spiked into fluidchamber 44 and sedimented by centrifugation using device according tothe present method which shows cells retained on the slide surface aftercentrifugation with consecutive fluid removal. FIG. 23(b) is a magnifiedimage (×100) of the microphotograph of FIG. 23(a). FIGS. 23(a) and 23(b)demonstrate improvement of the retention (capture) rate in the proposedmethod and device compared with the standard in industry Cytospin®method. The improved morphology shows less severe “flattening” of cellsand less blebbing, reduced signal intensity of cells on Cytospin®compared to a cell recovery device. Cytoplasmic spreading not seen witha cell recovery device. Staining intensity in a cell recovery device ismuch higher.

FIG. 24 shows percent cell capture efficiency for two methods of cellcapture: in Cytospin® shown in data set 1 and using the present cellretention method and device shown in data set 2. It is clear from FIG.24 that controlled fluid removal rate in combination with other featuresof the proposed method allows for an increase of the capture rate ofcells from approximately 30% (Cytospin® data set in FIG. 24 ) to over90-95% in the proposed device (Harvest Chip data set in FIG. 24 ).

FIG. 25(a) shows microphotographs of cells captured using Cytospin® andFIG. 25(b) shows microphotographs of cells captured using the cellrecovery device of the present cell retention device. The cells capturedusing Cytospin® can be seen to be damaged while FIG. 25(b) clearly showsthe present method preserves the morphology of the harvested cells.

FIG. 26(a) shows a microphotograph showing the morphology of SK-BR-3cells which were fixed with lack of fluid around them (referred to asdry fix), while FIG. 26(b) shows a microphotograph showing themorphology of SK-BR-3 cells which were fixed in the presence ofcontrolled volume of fluid (referred to as wet fix). The images beingobtained using 400× magnification and CK-FITC conjugate stain. As can beseen in FIGS. 26(a) and 26(b), control of the residual volume of fluidwhich is present in the device after the bulk amount of fluid is removedallows for improvement of the retained cell morphology. An additionaladvantage of controlled volume present in the device at the stage ofstaining is that the background level is reduced in this case. Fixationwith controlled volume of residual fluid produced the lowest backgroundsignal compared to Cytospin® or dry fix approach when there is no fluidpresent (FIG. 26(b)) or no control of the residual fluid level (FIG.26(a)).

It was demonstrated larger overall cell size 15˜25 μm diameter isobserved in Cytospin® compared to 12˜20 μm on the solid support of thecell recovery device (dry fix) and 12˜15 μm (wet fix). Also, imagesobtained with the slides processed using Cytospin® had lowerfluorescence signal. Signals with a cell recovery device with controlledvolume of residual fluid (Wet fix) exhibited the strongest intensity anddry fix was in-between the Cytospin® and wet fix.

Similar results are obtained with the patient samples processed usingCytospin® and the present cell capture device, see FIGS. 27(a) and27(b). Comparison between Cytospin® and the present device on finalmorphology: cells retained using Cytospin® in FIG. 27(a) appear muchlarger and more jagged compared to the cells retained using the presentdevice shown in FIG. 27(b).

EDTA HNV blood spiked with pre-labelled SK-BR-3 cells separated viaParsortix®, pooled, captured, fixed and then stained on either solidsupport of the cell recovery device or Cytoslide™ (Fisher Scientific).(Experiments performed by multiple trained users across multipleinstruments/days). Impact of the pipetting variability is reduced(compare STD on Cytospin® and HS). The results are shown in FIG. 28 Thesummary statistics: Cytospin®: 38.8%±12.6%, a cell recovery device fix:96.7%±3.3%. As can be seen, significantly better final captureefficiency (counting after staining) on the present a cell recoverydevice compared to Cytospin®. Most of the cell loss seen in Cytospin®occurred during initial spin down of cells onto slide using thefiltercard fluid chamber 44.

Post Processing of Cells

Example of cells post-processing: Lysis of the retained cells with aconsecutive molecular analysis is shown in FIG. 29 , which shows ahistogram of the capture efficiency of EDTA HNV blood spiked withpre-labelled SK-BR-3 cells separated via Parsortix®, pooled, captured,fixed and then stained on either a cell recovery device of the presentcell retention device or Cytoslide™. The experiments were performed bymultiple trained users across multiple instruments/days. Impact of thepipetting variability is reduced (compare standard deviation (STD) onCytospin® and cell recovery device 40).

Prelabelled SK-BR-3 cell can be seen inside capillary micropipette(image 1) on the surface of the solid support 42 of a cell recoverydevice followed by suction into microcapillary (image 2) which issubsequently moved to a different location on the slide surface anddeposited (image 3). Single cell picking results with the present cellrecovery device are shown in FIG. 30 which shows picking of SK-BR-3cells deposited onto the solid support with a controlled volume of theresidual fluid according to a proposed method. Prelabelled SK-BR-3 cellcan be seen inside capillary micropipette (upper panel of FIG. 30 ) onthe surface of the solid support 42 of a cell recovery device followedby suction into microcapillary (middle panel of FIG. 30 ) which issubsequently moved to a different location on the slide surface anddeposited (bottom panel of FIG. 30 ).

FIG. 31 Illustrates that if the parameters are not properly controlled,the cell losses may be high, where FIG. 31 shows picking of SK-BR-3cells deposited onto the solid support 42 with a controlled volume ofthe residual fluid according to a proposed method. The top panel shows aretained cell with a capillary of a cell-picking tool placed above thiscell; the middle panel shows the cell being removed from its initiallocation by the cell-picking tool, and the bottom panel shows the celldispensed (re-positioned) by the cell-picking tool. The amount of cellloss due to wicking and resuspension steps is minimal when using thecell recovery device apparatus with 2.0 mm wicking height and two-piecewicking cap.

With proper control of the process parameters (wicking rate and volumeof residual fluid the cell loss is insignificant even with multiplesteps of the process. This is also confirmed by FIG. 32 which shows %cell recovery at different stages of the process with various protocolsas noted in the FIG. 32 . Staining of cells directly in the cellrecovery device fluid chamber 44 as a post processing step is possible.This would require multiple wicking steps for exchanging reagents withinthe fluid chamber however this replaces the multiple steps in post slidefixation staining. As can be seen from FIG. 32 cell loss due to wickingof supernatant and exchange of fluids has been demonstrated to beminimal.

The attainment of good morphology and high recovery is shown in FIG. 32which shows percent of cell recovery for multiple consecutive wickingsteps (a, b, c) in which the first wicking (a) is done after cellsedimentation, the second wicking (b) is done after resuspension and thethird wicking (c) is done after staining, and wherein the test wasrepeated three times demonstrating that multiple wicking events do notlead to cell losses if the wicking rate is properly selected accordingto the present method.

Data with Streck SKBR-3 samples counted between each wicking and bufferexchange step shown in FIG. 32 and the image of the surface with theretained cells stained in the proposed device is shown in FIG. 34 .

In-fluid chamber 44 staining of cells with DAPI is shown in FIG. 33which is a microphotograph of white blood cells sedimented using thepresent method disclosed herein and stained with DAPI in which thephotograph is taken with the fluid chamber 44 still attached to thesolid support demonstrating that the cells can be stained with the fluidchamber 44 attached.

FIG. 34 shows microphotographs (rows A, B) and a photograph (row C) forthe cells sedimented using Cytospin® (column I) and on the solid support44 of the cell recovery device 40 forming part of the present cellharvesting device (columns I and II) without controlling residual fluid(column II) and with control of residual fluid volume (column III)according to the method disclosed herein. The HNV cells were spiked intoa fluid sample placed in the cell recovery device 40 with the followingwet fixation method on live EDTA tube cells after staining. The samesample was used for cell sedimentation using Cytospin®. Cytospin®presented the worst morphology (column I, rows A and B) with cytoplasmicspreading and reduced fluorescence intensity as well as increasedbackground. Least amount of morphological alteration was seen in wetfixed a cell recovery device 40 condition (column III). Similar resultsseen concerning CD45 staining showing reduced cell density in Cytospin®is also of concern.

The following non-limiting and exemplary of protocols for use of device.

Cell recovery device 40 EDTA Protocol (On-Slide staining)

-   -   1. Directly deposit the contents of the Parsortix® harvest into        the cell recovery device 40 fluid chamber 44.    -   2. Spin down the sample in the StatSpin™ CytoFuge™ (This is a        reference to this device        https://www.fishersci.ca/shoop/products/statspin-cytofuge-2-personal-cytocentrifuge-system-3/220011)        (for 2 min at 600 rpm followed by a 2 min spin at 4400 rpm.    -   3. Screw on the Wicking Cap 50 and allow the device to wick for        5 min.    -   4. Pipette in 150 μL of ice-cold acetone into the fluid chamber        44 against the tube wall and incubate for 5 min in a freezer        (−20° C.) to fix the cells.    -   5. After fixation, decant the remaining acetone into the        appropriate waste container.    -   6. Detach the fluid chamber 44 from the cell recovery device 40.    -   7. Allow any residual acetone to evaporate off and leave a dry        slide (10 min) before moving forward to staining or storage.        Cell Recovery Device Streck Protocol (On-Slide Staining)    -   1. Directly deposit the contents of the Parsortix® harvest into        the cell recovery device 40 fluid chamber 44.    -   2. Spin down the sample in the StatSpin™ CytoFuge™ for 2 min at        600 rpm followed by a 2 min spin at 4400 rpm.    -   3. Screw on the Wicking Cap and allow the device to wick for 5        min.    -   4. Prepare a drying buffer consisting of 200 μL solution of 10%        Serum (Horse or Fetal Bovine) in 0.083M KCl (i.e., 20 μL        Serum+180 μL KCl solution).    -   5. Pipette in the 200 μL of drying buffer into the fluid chamber        44 against the tube wall.    -   6. Spin down the sample in the StatSpin™ CytoFuge™ for 2 min at        600 rpm.    -   7. Use a second Wicking Cap 50 to wick off the supernatant.    -   8. Detach the fluid chamber 44 from the cell recovery device 40.    -   9. Disassemble the cell recovery device—pull the PTFE slide out        of the Base.    -   10. Place the PTFE slide with sample onto a hot-plate set to        37° C. and allow the liquid remaining on the target area to        evaporate for 30 minutes.    -   11. After confirming that the slide surface has fully dried,        proceed to fixation.    -   12. Using a pipette, introduce 50 μL of ice-cold acetone onto        the target area on the slide in a dropwise fashion.    -   13. Place the Slide in a freezer (−20° C.) for 5 min to fix        cells.    -   14. Decant any residual acetone and allow Slide to dry (10 min)        before moving forward to staining or storage.        Cell Recovery Device 40 Streck Protocol (in-Solution Staining)    -   1. Directly deposit the contents of the Parsortix® harvest into        the cell recovery device 40 fluid chamber 44.    -   2. Spin down the sample in the StatSpin™ CytoFuge™ for 2 min at        4400 rpm.    -   3. Screw on the Wicking Cap 50 containing the absorbing element        46 and allow the device to wick for 5 min.    -   4. Prepare x μL of staining solution (20˜50 μL solutions have        been tested previously) in permeabilization reagent (e.g.,        Inside Perm). Preferably, all antibodies will be fluorophore        conjugated, thus allowing for a single antibody incubation        rather than multiple.    -   5. Introduce the 50 μL of staining solution into the cell        recovery device 40 fluid chamber 44 by pipetting against the        wall of the device.    -   6. Incubate the solution for 45 min at room temperature in the        dark.    -   7. After antibody incubation, gently introduce 200 μL of 1×PBS        into the fluid chamber 44 pipetting against the wall.    -   8. Spin down the sample in the StatSpin™ CytoFuge™ for 2 min at        4400 rpm.    -   9. Screw on the Wicking Cap 50 containing the absorbing element        46 and allow the device to wick for 5 min.    -   10. Repeat the procedure of adding 1×PBS and wicking 2 times to        fully wash out any remaining debris.    -   11. For the final wash prior to cover-slipping, formulate a 200        μL 5% Glycerol solution in Deionized Water.    -   12. After wicking, use a P1000 pipette to introduce the 5%        Glycerol solution into the fluid chamber 44. Gently mix the        solution within the fluid chamber 44 to resuspend the cells in        order to ensure an even distribution.    -   13. Spin the sample down in the StatSpin™ CytoFuge™ for 2 min at        600 rpm followed by a 2 min spin at 4400 rpm.    -   14. Screw on the Wicking Cap 50 containing the absorbing element        46 and allow the device to wick for 5 min.    -   15. Detach the fluid chamber 44 using the Detacher Tool and        remove the PTFE Slide containing the sample from the Base.    -   16. Place the PTFE Slide onto a hot-plate set to 37° C. and        incubate for 30 minutes. Protect the slides from light to        prevent photobleaching.    -   17. After drying, any remaining glycerol on the target area of        the PTFE Slide will still look glassy.    -   18. Add 1 droplet of mounting media onto the target area and        place a coverslip on top. Apply pressure from one edge of the        coverslip to prevent air bubbles.        Cell Recovery Device 40 Protocol—Alternative Proteinaceous        Buffers    -   1. FBS is labour intensive to prepare (heat inactivate) and        difficult to ship.    -   2. Alternatives (Stabilguard, BSA, Horse Serum, Hank's) explored        for equivalent performance to FBS.    -   3. 10% Horse Serum (same reagent used in blocking step)        performed just as well as FBS. Also circumvents need for        blocking prior to staining.

Optimization of Fluid Removal Rate by Selection of the AbsorbingMaterial, the Distance Between the Slide and the Tip of the AbsorbingElement and Cross-Section of the Absorbing Element.

It was found that porous material by itself absent housing 48 gave anabsorption rate that was too fast leading to cell detachment hence usingthe absorbing element housing 48 was found to be very beneficial inorder to limit contact area between liquid medium and porous material.In an embodiment housing 48 can be made of polypropylene. However, itwill be appreciated that housing 48 could be made from other materials,including but not limited to polycarbonate, polystyrene, other types ofplastic, rubber, glass or metal.

Experiments were conducted using live pre-labelled SK-BR-3 as a modelsystem. These cells were sedimented on the surface of the solid support42 and then the fluid was removed using a syringe pump with differentwithdrawal rates. Cell loss was evaluated at each removal rate. As aresult, cell loss associated with increasing rates of liquid removal wasdetermined. Tests were conducted on cells sedimented at two differentcentrifugal forces (265×g/2200 rpm and 1060×g/4400 rpm) to determinemaximum allowable fluid removal rate for cells more loosely and stronglyadhered to slide surface.

It was determined that for both cells adhered at low centrifugal force(265×g) and high centrifugal force (1060×g), the maximum allowable rateof supernatant withdrawal was 500 μL/min. Cell dissociation from slidesurface was observed more drastically at rates higher than 500 μL/minfor cells sedimented at 265×g compared to those sedimented at 1060×g. Tominimize the chances of losing cells during the wicking process, thelower sedimentation force (265×g) condition was used to determine themaximum allowable wicking rate.

Therefore what is claimed is:
 1. A cell recovery device forsedimentation and retention of target cells from a fluid sample,comprising: a) a base configured to releasably hold a solid support, thesolid support configured to receive cells on a top surface of said solidsupport; b) a fluid chamber having a first opening, said fluid chamberproviding a liquid tight seal between said top surface and said fluidchamber, said fluid chamber having a second opening for receiving aliquid sample containing the targeted cells being harvested, said firstopening defining an area of selected size on the said surface of solidsupport into which the targeted cells deposit, including a firstremovable cap configured to close said second opening duringcentrifugation; c) a fluid absorbing element and an enclosure configuredto receive said fluid absorbing element, said enclosure having a bottomopening through which the fluid can enter, said fluid chamber configuredto receive said enclosure post centrifugation, said fluid chamberincluding a second removable cap configured to close said second openingpost centrifugation, and in combination with the said enclosure toprevent positioning of a tip of said fluid absorbing element to adistance from the said surface of said solid support shorter than apredefined distance; and d) said cell recovery device being configuredto be received and releasably held in a centrifuge.
 2. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein said fluid absorbing element has across-sectional area, a distribution along an axis of said fluidabsorbing element and a porosity in a range to provide control of a rateof absorption of the fluid and the tip of said fluid absorbing elementlocated at the distance from the surface of the solid support such thatthe target cells settled on the solid support are not detached from thesurface of the solid support by the flow of the fluid being absorbed bythe fluid absorbing element.
 3. The device according to claim 1, whereinsaid fluid absorbing element is a porous material having a porosity in arange from about 1 about 100 microns, and wherein said predefineddistance of the tip of the absorbing element above the surface of solidsubstrate is in a range from about 0.1 mm to about 4 mm.
 4. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein said fluid absorbing element has aporosity in a range from about 5 to about 50 microns, and wherein saidpredefined distance of the tip of the absorbing element above thesurface of solid substrate is in a range from about 0.1 mm to about 3mm.
 5. The device according to claim 1, wherein said fluid absorbingelement has a porosity in a range from about 10 to about 20 microns, andwherein said predefined distance of the tip of the absorbing elementabove the surface of solid substrate is in a range from about 0.1 mm toabout 3 mm.
 6. The device according to claim 1, wherein said device isconfigured to be releasably held in said centrifuge so that the axisnormal to the surface of the solid support coming through the center ofthe section of the surface for capturing cells intersects an axis ofrotation.
 7. The device according to claim 6, wherein said device isconfigured to be releasably held in said centrifuge so that a long axisof the solid support is in the plane of rotation; or the long axis ofthe solid support is perpendicular to the plane of rotation.
 8. Thedevice according to claim 1, wherein said area of selected size intowhich the target cells deposit onto said top surface of said solidsupport is selected to promote interaction between the target cells andthe surface allowing adherence of the target cells to said top surfaceof said solid support.
 9. The device according to claim 1, wherein saidarea of selected size into which the target cells deposit onto said topsurface of said surface of solid support is modified to promoteinteraction between the target cells and the surface to assist adherenceof the target cells to said top surface of said solid support.
 10. Thedevice according to claim 1, wherein said area of selected size intowhich the target cells deposit onto said top surface of said solidsupport is functionalized with agents selected to modify the interactionbetween the target cells and the surface to assist adherence of thetarget cells to said top surface of said solid support.
 11. The deviceaccording to claim 10, wherein said agents are selected from the groupconsisting of poly-L-lysine, silane coatings, gelatin, fibronectin, goldor silver coatings.
 12. The device according to claim 10, wherein saidagents are selected to provide a differential binding force to any cellspresent that are not target cells to be isolated such that anynon-target cells do not bind the surface of said top surface of saidsolid support.
 13. The device according to claim 1, wherein said fluidabsorbing element is made of porous plastic.
 14. The device according toclaim 13, wherein said porous plastic is treated to modify itsabsorption properties.
 15. The device according to claim 13, whereinsaid porous plastic is porous polyethylene coated with a hydrophilicmaterial.
 16. The device according to claim 1, wherein the tip of saidfluid absorbing material spaced from said top surface is placed at thedistance from the surface of the solid substrate in the range of about0.1 mm to about 3 mm.
 17. The device according to claim 2, wherein aporosity of said fluid absorbing element and a size of said opening areselected to provide a selected flow rate.
 18. The device according toclaim 1, wherein said solid support is in a form of a transparentmicroscope slide.
 19. The device according to claim 1, wherein saidfirst removable cap includes a gasket to provide a liquid tight sealduring centrifugation.
 20. The device according to claim 1, wherein anarea on said surface of said solid support outside of said area ofselected size into which the targeted cells deposit onto said topsurface of said solid support is coated with a protective coating torestrict the spread of the fluid present in said area of selected sizeinto which the targeted cells deposit onto the rest of the surface ofthe said solid support.
 21. The device according to claim 1, whereinsaid housing configured to receive said fluid absorbing element includesoverflow features to prevent overflow of fluid caused by insertion ofsaid fluid absorbing element into the fluid chamber.
 22. The deviceaccording to claim 21, wherein said overflow features include any of: a)at least one opening in an upper part of the absorbing element housing;and b) the openings configured to have any of square, circular or slotshapes.
 23. The device according to claim 1, wherein said housingconfigured to receive said fluid absorbing element includes at least oneflow accelerating feature to increase the rate of fluid removal withoutincreasing the probability of removal of sedimented cells from thesurface of said solid support.
 24. The device according to claim 23wherein there are two or more said flow accelerating features located onthe absorbing element housing.
 25. The device according to claim 23wherein said flow accelerating features are configured to have acircular shape or a shape of a slot located on the absorbing element.26. The device according to claim 23, wherein said flow acceleratingfeatures on said absorbing element housing are located at a distance ofin a range from about 5 mm to about 30 mm from the surface of said solidsupport.
 27. The device according to claim 1, wherein said solidsubstrate is substantially transparent and said base includes an openingaligned with said area of selected size on the said surface of solidsupport into which the targeted cells deposit to provide a viewing portfor visual viewing of the area of selected size onto which the targetcells sediment without the fluid chamber being detached from the solidsubstrate.
 28. The device according to claim 1, wherein fluid tight sealis provided by a gasket.
 29. The device according to claim 28, whereinsaid gasket is affixed to said fluid chamber so that when the fluidchamber is detached from said solid substrate the gasket remainsattached to the fluid chamber.
 30. The device according to claim 29,wherein said gasket has a circular, rectangular or square cross sectionand is affixed to said fluid chamber by being housed in a groove in thebottom of said fluid chamber with a friction fit so that when the fluidchamber is detached from said solid substrate the gasket remainsattached to the fluid chamber.
 31. The device according to claim 29,wherein said gasket has a circular, rectangular or square cross sectionand is affixed to said fluid chamber by being attached to the bottom ofsaid fluid chamber with using an adhesive so that when the fluid chamberis detached from said solid substrate the gasket remains attached to thefluid chamber.
 32. The device according to claim 28, wherein said gasketis affixed to said surface of said solid support so that when the fluidchamber is detached from said solid support the gasket remains attachedto the surface of said solid support.
 33. The device according to claim28, wherein said gasket is not affixed to the fluid chamber so that whenthe fluid chamber is detached from the surface of the solid substratethe gasket remains on the surface of the solid substrate, and whereinsaid gasket includes an outwardly projecting tab configured to begrasped by a user removing the gasket from the surface of the solidsubstrate.
 34. The device according to claim 28, wherein said gasket hasa selected thickness so that: a) post centrifugation and post fluidremoval, a residual volume of fluid remains to completely cover thesedimented target cells to prevent them from drying out, and b) a volumedefined by the top of the gasket and the surface of the solid support,provides sufficient volume for the reagents used in cell postprocessing.
 35. The device according to claim 1, wherein an area of thesurface of the solid substrate that is not exposed to the cell solutionduring cell sedimentation is functionalized with a coating ofhydrophobic material different from the functionalized surface area sothat when the solid support with the functionalized area is detachedfrom the device and the retained cell area is exposed to small volumesof fluid contained in the functionalized area are retained by thehydrophobic coating surrounding the area where the target cells arepresent.